ADAPTATION OF GERMANS IN KAZAKHSTAN IN THE XIX-XX CENTURIES

Abstract

The article highlights the stages of resettlement and adaptation of Germans in Kazakhstan in the pre-revolutionary era, in the early years of Soviet rule, during the period of deportation during the Great Patriotic War, and in the post-war years. Along with the stages of resettlement and the number of migrants, the types of adaptation are described in detail: economic, social, and cultural. The process of creating settlements is demonstrated as a necessary condition for collective adaptation to the natural and climatic conditions of Kazakhstan. The household adaptation is described in detail, which included the construction of dwellings adapted to the natural and climatic conditions of Kazakhstan, as well as the borrowing of elements of the national clothing and cuisine of the Kazakhs. The process of adapting farming to local climatic conditions with the use of three-field and shifting systems and the gradual dominance of cattle breeding, which for centuries has been the guarantor of the survival of the local Kazakh population, is shown. The social and cultural relations between the settlers and the autochthonous population are highlighted. In conclusion, it is proposed that, despite various historical events, the settlers were able to adapt and actively engage in creative work for the development of Kazakhstan.