АДАПТАЦИЯ ЭТНОСОВ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ В ХОДЕ ПЕРЕСЕЛЕНЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ ЦАРИЗМА В XIX-НАЧАЛЕ ХХ ВЕКА

Abstract

This article is devoted to the little-studied topic of adaptation of Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, and other ethnic groups in Kazakhstan during the period of the tsarist resettlement policy in the XIX-early XX century. Along with the stages of resettlement and the number of displaced persons, the process of creating settlements is highlighted as a necessary condition for collective adaptation to Kazakhstan’s natural and climatic conditions. Household adaptation is described in detail, which provided for the construction of dwellings, such as huts and sheds, earthen holes, turf-daubs, turf-wattle-daubs, wattle-daubs, and ordinary wooden log huts adapted to the natural and climatic conditions on the territory Kazakhstan, as well as borrowing elements of national clothing and Kazakh cuisine. The process of adaptation of farming to local climatic conditions with the use of three-field and shift systems and the gradual dominance of cattle breeding, which for centuries has been the guarantor of the survival of the local Kazakh population, is shown. The socio-cultural relations of migrants with the indigenous population are highlighted.
The author introduced into scientific circulation the materials of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, published in various collections of materials and documents.
The materials of the study were information from the works of Kazakh and Russian researchers, journals and memos, data from foreign sources, etc. Along with sources and bibliography, the author introduced into scientific circulation the materials of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, published in various collections of materials and documents.
In conclusion, despite the colonial policy of tsarism aimed at inciting ethnic hatred, the settlers were able to adapt and actively engage in creative work for the development of Kazakhstan.
This work is of practical value since the application of this experience by the government will undoubtedly become the basis for practical application in the field of creating an atmosphere of interethnic harmony.